Countries that have historically felt threatened by Russia have increased their defence spending over the last decade. One of the largest rises in such spending was seen in Lithuania, Latvia and Ukraine, while Moldova (+44%) and Estonia (+37%) also increased their expenditure. This is according to data from the Stockholm International Peace
Research Institute.
Ukraine is an exception, as it spends more than 4% of its GDP on defence – roughly the same as Russia. Although Russia’s expenditure fluctuated between 3-5% of GDP over the last decade, Ukraine had to significantly increase its spending to reach the 4% mark, from 1.5% in 2011.

Some Asian countries, such as India and China, as well as Pakistan and Indonesia, have significantly increased their defence spending over the last decade. However, when compared to the respective countries' GDP, spending since 2011 has risen in line with GDP and was approximately 3% in India, less than 2% in China, just 0.9% in Indonesia and 4% in Pakistan. In the case of Turkey, the country has actually spent more in relative terms. Defence expenditure rose from 2% of GDP in 2011 to almost 3% in 2020.