Potential changes in tree species composition, which could be influenced by climate variability, have been studied across various topographical and geographical conditions. Such changes will significantly impact forest composition, existing ecosystems and their services.

Climate variability and increasing CO2 concentrations are expected to affect species suitability for specific sites, productivity, and species and biological diversity. Overall, one can forecast an increase in forests in Northern Europe and a decrease in Southern Europe, whilst naturally accounting for significant regional variations. The distribution range of coniferous species adapted to cooler climates (including the cold) may shrink, making way for broad-leaved species accustomed to drier conditions.

The projected changes will undoubtedly affect all types of benefits derived from the forest. For example, during the 21st century, the value of forest land in Europe could decrease by 14-50%.