The resistance movement against the totalitarian regimes of the Soviets and the Nazis between the occupation of Latvia in 1940 and the de facto restoration of national sovereignty in 1990/1991 is an essential part of Latvia's modern history. The nation's efforts at self-determination during the half-century-long occupation manifested themselves in both armed and non-violent ways, yet resistance against the occupying powers has hitherto failed to take its proper place in the collective memory of Latvian society. From the time of the Atmoda movement to the present day, while identifying and commemorating the victims of Soviet deportations or the Nazi Holocaust, and crossing swords over the mobilisation of Latvian inhabitants into the military formations of foreign powers and the like, the image of the nation as a victim has moved to the fore.