A study by EUSTAFOR shows that in 13 European countries, various types of damage have affected more than 1.2 million hectares of forest. As a result, more than 36 million cubic metres of timber were lost between 2018 and 2019. The information obtained shows that 52% of the damage is caused by abiotic factors and 48% by biotic factors.

The most significant biotic factor was the European spruce bark beetle, while among abiotic factors, 61% of damage was caused by storms and drought, and 35% by fire and snow. The most affected species are Norway spruce (52%), various pine species (32%), beech (32%), oak (25%) and birch (13%).